Novial
Novial em i wanpela toktok. Dispela toktok i kamap long Otto Jespersen long yia 1928.
| Novial | ||
|---|---|---|
| novial | ||
 | ||
| Created by | Otto Jespersen | |
| Setting and usage | intanesenel helpim toktok | |
| Total spikas | – | |
| Category (purpose) | toktok man i mekim | |
| Category (sources) | Ol tok Roman na ol tok Siamanik; tu Interlingue na Ido | |
| Ol kod bilong tokples | ||
| ISO 639-3 | nov | |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAB-dc | |
| Dispela pes bai soim sampela ol IPA raitim long soim pasin bilong singaut. | ||
Nem senisim
Novial = nov (nupela) + IAL (International Auxiliary Language, intanesenel helpim toktok).
Histri senisim
Novial ol i bin kamap long buk bilong Otto Jespersen An International Language long yia 1928. Em i bin senis long yia 1930 long buk Novial Lexike.
Long yia 1934, Otto Jespersen i bin toktok long narapela senis long Novial: nem blong em i bin Novial Plubonisat.
Toktok i bin dai long yia 1943 taim Otto Jespersen indai .
Long 1935 na 1939, Valter Ahlstedt i bin rait long Novialiste, opisal megesin long toktok. Long yia 1937 em i bin mekim komisin long nem Lingual Jurie del Novialistes long mekim Novial moa gut. Nupela Novial i klostu long Interlingue. Tasol, em i bin senis long Interlingua. Dispela i bin pinis long Novial.
Long tenpela yia 1990, sampela pipol i bin painimaut em.
Ol leta na ponetikis senisim
| Novial | A | B | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ponetikis | /a/ | /b/ | /d/ | /e/~/ɛ/ | /f/ | /g/ | /h/ | /i/ | /dʒ/, /ʒ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /k/ | /r/ | /s/, /z/ | /t/ | /u/ | /v/ | /w/, /u/, /v/ | /ks/ | /j/ |
Grama senisim
Grama blong Novial em i isi.
Naun senisim
Ol noun i pinis long -e: hunde (dok).
Plural blong naun i long -s: hundes (ol dok).
Ajetiv senisim
Ajetiv i pinis long -i: beli (naispela).
Vab senisim
| Grama | Tok Inglis | Novial | Tok Pisin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | to protect | protekte | lukaut |
| Present | I protect | me protekte | mi lukaut |
| Present Perfect | I have protected | me ha protekte | mi lukaut pinis |
| Simple Past | I protected | me did protekte | mi bin lukaut |
| Past Perfect | I had protected | me had protekte | mi lukaut pinis |
| Future | I shall protect o I will protect | me sal protekte | mi bai lukaut |
| Future Perfect | I shall have protected o I will have protected | me sal ha protekte | |
| Future In The Past | I was going to protect | me saled protekte | |
| Conditional | I would protect | me vud protekte | |
| Conditional Perfect | I would have protected | me vud ha protekte | |
| First Imperative | Let me protect! | Let me protekte! | |
| Second Imperative | protect! | protekte! |
Pronaun senisim
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| mi | me | yumi, mipela | nus |
| yu | vu | yupela | vus |
| em | le, la, lo | ol | les, las, los |
| em (samting) | lu, lum | lus | |
Litorasa senisim
Novial i nogat litorasa.
Ol buk long Novial:
Ol referens senisim
Ol buk long Novial senisim
- Auerbach, Siegfried. 1930. Pri nommediati derivatione in li internacional lingues en A Grammatical Miscellany to Otto Jespersen (on his seventiehn birthday) Levin + Munksgaard (Copenhague) / George Allen and Unwin (London).
- *Jacob, Henry. 1943. Otto Jespersen. His Work for an International Auxiliary Language. International Language (Ido) Society of Great Britain. [1] (en inglés)
- Jacob, Henry. 1947. Chapter IV Novial (1928) by Otto Jespersen en A Planned Auxiliary Language. [2] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1928. An International Language. Allen and Unwin, London. [3] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1930. Novial Lexique. Carl Winter's. Heidelberg. [4] (en inglés)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1934. Plubonisat novial, en Novialiste N° 1. [5] (en novial)
- Jespersen, Otto. 1937. Pri reformes in novial, en Novialiste N° 18 diciembre de 1937. [6] (en novial)
Toksave long Intanet senisim
- Novial Wiki Book: Novial kursu por komenseres (anglim).
- Novial Discussion Group: Novial diskuse-grupe che Yahoo!
- Kurti deskriptione de 1928 Novial (anglim)
- Kurti deskriptione del 1930 version (anglim)
- Novial '98
- NOVIAL PRO: A short comparative description (anglim)